Autonomous Agents, A2A Protocols & Platform Governance

Air Canada Chatbot Case

Air Canada’s website chatbot incorrectly stated that bereavement fares could be requested retroactively within 90 days of ticket issuance. Applying negligent misrepresentation principles, the tribunal found liability based on the airline’s duty of care, the consumer’s reasonable reliance and resulting loss.

Civil Resolution Tribunal small-claims decision

• The tribunal found the airline failed to reasonably ensure the accuracy of chatbot information and that reliance was reasonable on the facts. Correct information and a link elsewhere on the website did not remove liability.
• The negligent-misrepresentation analysis addressed duty, negligence, reasonable reliance, damage and causation. The award was CAD 650.88 damages, CAD 36.14 prejudgment interest and CAD 125 fees, totalling CAD 812.02.

Singapore Algorithmic Trading Contract Case

After deterministic trading programs executed trades at an abnormal rate, the platform reversed them. The court found breach of contract and considered programmers’ or operators’ relevant knowledge from programming through contract formation, including later awareness of an error followed by allowing the program to exploit it.

Final Judgment

• The appellate court upheld the finding that the platform breached its contract.
• For deterministic trading programs, the analysis considers the relevant knowledge of programmers or operators from programming through contract formation, including later knowledge followed by a decision to let the program exploit the mistake.

Colombia Judicial Use of ChatGPT Case

A lower-court judge included ChatGPT responses in the reasoning of a judgment. The Constitutional Court found that the judge had independently decided the matter prior to querying the model, upholding the validity of the proceedings while establishing standards for judicial AI use including transparency, verification, privacy, and human control.

Constitutional Court Judgment

• The Court held that generative AI did not displace the judge's independent decision-making in the specific proceeding.
• The Court observed deficiencies in transparency and accountability regarding the manner in which the tool was used.

Agent & A2A Review

Review agent functions and permissions together with the legal issues arising when agents discover, connect to and delegate tasks to one another through A2A.

AI Product Compliance

Embed legal review into design, development, procurement, testing, launch, operation and updates.

AI Contracts & Disputes

Support procurement, development, licensing, investment and disputes involving technology, data and outputs.